Slide 11:
“Thus, as modern food preparation techniques spread
throughout the world during the 19th century, so did dental crowding
[malocclusion].” (Rose
& Roblee, 2009)
Slide 18:
“Between 1900 and 1920… the death rate from diabetes,
despite improved treatment of the disease, had increased by as much as 400
percent... It had increased fifteen-fold since the end of the Civil War.” (Taubes,
2008)
Slide 20:
“Sesame seed first cultivated ~5 Kya, in India, oil
extracted by crushing” (Fuller,
2003)
Sesame seed oil spread into Egypt, the Mediterranean, and
Africa
Safflower was cultivated in Egypt, use was common in
Ptolemaic period, but references begin 3.5 Kya
Used as food and for lamps
Animal fat illegal in Ptolemaic Egypt (!) (Sandy,
1989)
Slide 21
Modern mass-production of seed oils started in 19th century,
200 ya
“By the early 19th century, Russian farmers were growing
over 2 million acres of sunflower”
(The
National Sunflower Association)
American production was mostly cottonseed oil, first a toxic
waste product
“Generally the manufacturers in the
United States make no pretence [sic] of exporting
pure lard….
“The chief adulterant found is cotton seed oil”
(Dominion
of Canada, 1890)
Hydrogenated cottonseed oil (Crisco) introduced in 1911,
taking vegetable fats mainstream
Slide 22
Cottonseed ruled until soybean oil introduced
Biggest change in diet in modern era is increase in seed
oils
(Blasbalg et al., 2011)
Slide 23
“The Nutrition Transition: New Trends in the Global Diet”
“By the 1990s,soybean oil accounted
for about 70% of… edible oils and fats in the [US]… soybeans now account for
the bulk of vegetable oil consumption worldwide
“This dramatic difference was largely accounted for by a
major increase in the consumption of vegetable fats by poor and rich nations
alike
“Although meat consumption declined in high-income countries
(by 6-9%), there was little overall reduction in fat intakes, as animal fats
were replaced by a greater proportion of vegetable oils and products”
(Drewnowski &
Popkin, 1997)
Slide 24
“Fifty years later, I still cannot cite a definite mechanism
or mediator by which saturated fat is shown to kill people.”
(Lands,
2008)
Slide 27
HNE is involved in every aspect of Chronic Disease
Marker/mediator of Oxidative Stress
(Tsimikas,
2006; Žarković et al., 1999)
Induces
Atherosclerosis (Willeit et al., 2020;
Witztum & Steinberg, 1991)
Insulin resistance (Ingram et al., 2012; Pillon
et al., 2012)
DNA damage (Chung et al., 2003; Hu et al., 2002)
Inflammation (Poli & Schaur, 2000; Trevisani et al., 2007)
Mitochondrial Dysfunction (Gomes et al., 2014)
Fibrosis (Chiarpotto et al., 2005;
Gomes et al., 2014)
Pain (C. Li et al., 2018; Trevisani et al., 2007) (Mis-cited
as Trevisani et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2018)
Etc (Poli
& Schaur, 2000; Shoeb
et al., 2014; Sottero et al., 2019)
HNE is derived exclusively from n-6 fats (Ayala et al.,
2014)
Slide 28
“So few subjects in the present survey were found to have
any of the conventional signs of coronary disease that it would be futile to
analyze the data with any hope of defining the existence of risk factors for
this disease within this population. ” (Sinnett
& Whyte, 1973b)
Slide 29
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) is a modern disease
While it existed in Ancient Egypt… (Finch, 2011)
“Heart disease was an uncommon cause of death… at the
beginning of the 20th century. By midcentury it had become the commonest cause”
(Dalen et al., 2014)
And when heart attack was unknown, some ate lots of animal
fat (Michaels,
1966)
CVD is still unknown in populations eating ancestrally—no
industrially-produced food (Kaplan et al., 2017)
Slide 30
In the 1960s, researchers looked at CVD in different
countries. (Lee et al.,
1964)
They used heart attack determined by autopsy, an extremely
reliable method
Was CVD genetic, or environmental?
They used thousands of autopsies, even bringing some hearts
back to the US to confirm diagnosis
What they found confirms the earlier studies…
Slide 32
So what could the environmental
factor be?
In the 1970s, Brown and Goldstein attempted to induce the first
step of atherosclerosis (Goldstein et al.,
1979)
It failed
LDL would not convert macrophages to foam cells
They discovered the LDL must be modified
Slide 33
Steinberg and Witztum demonstrated the nature of the
modification (Witztum &
Steinberg, 1991)
Fats in the LDL must be oxidized, when they are sufficently oxidized, foam cells (poisoned macrophages)
will form
OxLDL is cytotoxic: toxic to cells.
The toxins in oxLDL are oxidized n-6 fats, such as HNE
Slide 34
Human studies show that dietary seed oils lead to LDL
oxidation (Reaven
et al., 1993; Witztum &
Steinberg, 1991)
Several human RCTs demonstrate higher CVD events with seed
oil feeding (Ramsden et al., 2016
Appendix part 2)
One RCT reduced n-6 intake to an evolutionarily-appropriate
level, saw a 70% decline in CVD events (de Lorgeril et al., 1994)
“…if you… remove [oxLDL] from "LDL-C" to derive a
corrected LDL-C, corrected LDL-C is NO LONGER predictive of events.” (Willeit et
al., 2020)
Tsimikas tweet thread.
Slide 36
Chart (Hiraga,
2014)
Slide 38
“The diet consisted almost entirely of sweet potato,
carbohydrate providing over 90% of the calories.”
“No clinical evidence of diabetes mellitus was found in this
survey.” (Sinnett
& Whyte, 1973a, 1973b)
Slide 39
And since you’re wondering… (Lai et al., 2013)
They do eat less sucrose, but compare
to Chinese children (Afeiche et al., 2018)
Data in graphs from sources cited above.
Slide 41
Lots of populations ate/eat traditional diets w/out T2DM
“…their mean two-hour post-glucose level of 121 mg/ 100 ml
could be regarded as falling within the "diabetic" range.”
“…the relative carbohydrate intolerance of our primitive Bushmen
subjects is at first glance rather surprising.” (Joffe et al., 1971)
“…the prolonged increase after two hours in both San series
certainly suggested a diabetes-like condition in the San…” (T. Jenkins et al., 1974)
Slide 42
!Kung eat lots of mongongo fruit
and nuts
As much as 1/3 of their calories. (Bindon,
2009)
Mongongo nut season is when the diabetic OGTT was taken (Bindon, 2009; Guyenet, 2010; Joffe et al., 1971)
One other non-diabetic OGTT was taken of HG
!Kung, not stated when. (Wilmsen, 1982)
!Kung eating non-HG diet did not
test diabetic. (H. C. Jenkins
et al., 2010)
Mongongo nuts are high in n-6 (Gwatidzo et al., 2017)
Slide 43
1961: soybean oil introduced as an IV food
supplement—Intralipid (Gura, 2020)
1964: Noted that Intralipid induces insulin resistance and
hyperglycemia (Felber
& Vannotti, 1964)
2014: “Infusion of Intralipid, comprised predominantly of
polyunsaturated fatty acids [linoleic (44–62%)…]… is
an established model for producing lipid-induced insulin resistance.” In humans
(Chow et al., 2014; Jensen et al., 2003)
Slide 44
“The lack of… gluconeogenesis in the Clinoleic
vs. the Intralipid group suggests that different classes of fatty acids exert
different effects on glucose kinetics in preterm infants.”
Proposed mechanism is IR (van Kempen
et al., 2006)
Clinoleic is an olive-oil
infusion, low in n-6
Of course eating something is
vastly different from injecting something
Slide 45
In humans, IR precedes T2DM by years (Martin et al., 1992)
OxLDL is associated with IR, and precedes it by years (Carantoni
et al., 1998; Park et
al., 2009)
As discussed, seed oils lead to LDL oxidation
Other sources of oxLDL (smoking, sepsis) also induce IR (Attvall
et al., 1993; Behnes et al., 2008; Carlson, 2003; Lymperaki et al., 2015)
“Unexpectedly,… targeting oxidized
LDL [via antibodies] improves insulin sensitivity…” in monkeys (S. Li et al., 2013)
Slide 46
Switching from high to low n-6 oils lowers insulin
resistance (Nigam et al., 2014)
Dose-dependent relationship to n-6 content of seed oils
Liver fat also improved—NAFLD patients
“… 15–21% protein… 55–70% carbohydrates, and 20% fats.”
Slide 48
Lowering n-6:n-3 ratio lowers
insulin resistance (Van Name et
al., 2020)
“The intervention diet consisted of a low n–6 to n–3 PUFA
ratio of 4:1…”
“…macronutrient content was 50%–55%... carb., 20% from
protein, and 25%–30% from fat…”
Diet monitored by blood biomarkers, including oxLAMs
No control, performed at Yale
Slide 51
“In 1616, Ieyasu Tokugawa, the
founder of the Edo government died. It is said he had been overeating fish
fried in sesame oil.”
From “Tempura... Another Usage of Lamp Oil”
(Walker,
2003 quoting Ishige, 1980)
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